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Acqua e guerre/1 L’acqua, motivo di guerra se scarseggia
Si chiamano guerre dell’acqua, e sono dei conflitti nati per ottenere l’accesso alle risorse idriche. L’acqua, infatti, e’ un bene di importanza strategica, e non sempre disponibile
Con il termine “guerre dell’acqua”si vuole intendere quei conflitti tra paesi, stati o gruppi che combattono tra loro per l’accesso alle risorse idriche. Le Nazioni Unite riconoscono questi conflitti che derivano da interessi oppposti rispetto all’uso di utenti pubblici o provati. L’acqua è storicamente fonte di tensione e fattore di conflitti che tuttavia si aprono per altri motivi tra cui le contriversie territoriali, la lotta per le risorse e il vantaggio strategico. Di solito questo tipo di guerre si svolgono ai confini tra due stati, soprattutto dolce ci sono corsi di acqua dolce.
Le aree dove la scarsità d’acqua è il problema più grande sono alcuni dei luoghi stessi in cui i conflitti politici sono all’ordine del giorno, portando a situazioni potenzialmente esplosive. Alcuni esperti ritengono che l’unico caso documentato di una “guerra dell’acqua”, avvenne circa 4500 anni fa, quando le città-stato di Lagash e Umma entrarono in guerra nel bacino del Tigri e dell’Eufrate.
Adel Darwish, giornalista e co-autore di Water Wars, dice che la storia moderna ha già visto almeno due guerre per l’acqua. Alcuni analisti ritengono che Israele continua ad occupare le alture del Golan, sequestrato dalla Siria nel 1967 con una guerra, a causa dei problemi di controllo dell’acqua, mentre altri pensano che l’occupazione serve a mantenere un’altura in caso di futuri conflitti. Anche il Senegal e la Mauritania hanno combattuto una guerra a partire dal 1989 sui diritti di pascolo sul fiume Senegal. E la Siria e l’Iraq hanno combattuto piccole scaramucce sul fiume Eufrate. Ma oltre il Medioriente tra le recenti catastrofi umanitarie create dalle “guerre dell’acqua” si fa riferimento anche al genicidio in Ruanda e alla guerra nel Darfur sudanese.
(Chiara Palmieri)
Altri articoli consigliati per te:
accesso a risorse idriche, acqua, conflitti acqua, guerre dell'acqua, risorse idriche, scarsità acqua
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